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The paper efforts to explore the co-relation between two variables- agricultural losses incurred due to floods and change in agricultural population in an area, and thus to identify the extent of ‘flood-forced’ livelihood shifting from agriculture to other sectors in rural Bangladesh. The study is conducted on four districts having mutually different levels of exposure to floods. The study reveals that in a 20 years period between 1991 and 2011, the number of people engaged in agricultural sectors decreases continuously; the decreasing rate, however, is not equal for all of the study districts. The non-flood prone district has a very slow decreasing rate of 1.52% per year, while the rate is more than 4% in highly flood prone districts that suffer from high agricultural losses every year due to floods. Two statistical analysis tools- co relation co efficient and rsquared value are used in the research to find out the linkages between the two variables. Rsquared value, however, calculated in the research shows that more than 76% of agricultural population decrease in a highly flood prone district in Bangladesh could be result of the floodcaused agricultural losses, while the figure is found 41% in case of district less exposed to flood.

Rural roads are the last link of the transport network that fulfils demand of the product all over the country. Roads have to be maintained from time to time for ensuring serviceability. The study conducted on the Road Maintenance Branch of LGED. The objectives of the study are to investigate current road maintenance practice in LGED through interviews, questionnaires from the LGED staff and other people involved in road projects. It is found that building new roads cost lots of money, but without maintaining the roads properly, they deteriorate very quickly. The problems faced during the road maintenance are selection of road with priorities for maintenance where allocation of funding is very limited. They usually select roads for maintenance based on road IRI (International Roughness Index) value and hierarchy of roads. For example, maintain Upazila roads first which have higher IRI value then union roads. As a result, some village roads which are more important than Upazila roads are not maintained and other Upazila roads not in use for any traffic. According to LGED, per km road maintenance cost is about one third of the total road construction cost. So, it is not logical to allocate fund to those unimportant roads, where important roads are still not maintained. In this regard, four factors (road maintenance cost, road type, and settlement hierarchy and traffic volume) are considered for selection of priority road for maintenance. This may help to proper utilization of money. Settlement hierarchy is determined by centrality score, where fifteen settlements in Phultola Union are ranked based on demographic factors, service, facilities, public utilities, infrastructure and resource information. Road maintenance cost are calculated based on IRI value, where road repairing cost per km based on IRI value known to LGED officials is multiplied by total road length. The data is also analysed using a weight index method to obtain the result. From the result, it is found that 45% village road type A (Pucca) and 35% village road type B (Pucca) are given more weight than Union road.

It is nearly 450 years old forest, forest of buildings reaching for the sun like the mangroves of south western coastal area. Although its urban infrastructure is the most developed in the country, Dhaka suffers from urban problems such as pollution, congestion, and lack of adequate services due to the rising population. The civilized tenants now find it challenging to adopt with most of the parts of the city emerged in a quite natural way. Ward-45 of Dhaka Metropolitan city is a point charge taken into account for the predominating facts which now affects largely on living standards. Though it has become hard to cope up the growth of city with its limited resources, people aspires for the package of standard living with some relocations and renovations. This study has been conducted based on mainly primary data. This study will express the surveyed data on the socio-economic profile ofthe population in Ward-45, perceptions and visions of residents regarding amenities, infrastructure, and redevelopment and of the upcoming future. Land use plan of a particular area is not only a design of an area, but also a comprehensive development approach. This approach integrates the development with environmental and transport planning, economic and culture development as well as community development. Development pattern of an area can promote sustainability through efficient use of urban space and resources for the improvement of living standard and infrastructure. To ensure a sound life in a sound area these problems should be solved with proper planning and maintenance.

This paper presents the process of the translation and instrumentalisation of colonial urban planning principles into contemporary urban planning laws and instruments in Dar es Salaam. Based on a historical reading of the urban planning institutions and empirical references about current urban planning practices in this city it develops three main claims. First, there is a continuation of colonial planning institutions in the post-colonial Dar es Salaam. The shift of power from the colonial authority to the national state of Tanzania did not greatly impact on the planning institutions and practices in this city. Second, colonial urban planning legacies still dominate the planning institutions and practices in the post-colonial Dar es Salaam, however in different forms. They are now shaped by different sets of actors, follow economic logics, benefit only small groups of the economically privileged at the cost of the majority, and support the accumulation of power of the nation-state authorities. Third, the urban consequences and the urban planning institutions and practices of Dar es Salaam are interrelated; each is a result of the process of translation and instrumentalisation of colonial urban planning principles in the post-colonial setting accompanied by poor management and governance processes as well as the contradictions in the land tenure system that characterise this city. Acknowledging the urban consequences as being conditioned by the intense interplay between planning institutions and practice, and urban management and governance, this paper shows how the continued presence of colonial planning principles in the shaping of post-colonial planning practices may contribute to present-day urban consequences in Dar es Salaam.

The urban population of Rajshahi City Corporation is increasing very rapidly. The increase in populations is solely responsible for high increasing rate of solid waste thus its proper management is prerequisite. Management of waste is a costly and troublesome problem for most of the local authorities of developing countries. Rajshahi City Corporation also lacks proper management facilities therefore dumping of solid waste in water bodies, drains and vacant lands are very common. The unplanned and poor management of waste pollutes water, air and land that consequently creates a number of health related problems. Therefore, the study was conducted to explore the existing waste management system and the deficiencies in the sustainable waste management within the study area. This paper will examine various techniques and technologies on solid waste management in light of structural, management and behavioral aspect with the aim to ensure healthy environment of Rajshahi City Corporation.