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Public transport is one of the social facilities without which people’s life turned into stagnation and on the contrary, life becomes cozy by providing this facility. It is important to focus on the performance of existing public transport to ensure sustainable transportation system, rather importing more transport. The study finds performance of public transport in Khulna city based on the users, who use it at a regular basis for work purpose. Therefore, to find the performance, Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) has been developed based on some service indicators. An Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) has been done to find the most important services indicators. Therefore, indicators like parking system and safety got more importance according to the method and also by the expert. CSI for Khulna city is measured 0.47 which lies in less satisfactory level. Users of Mahindra (0.47), CNG (0.49), and Auto Rickshaw (0.47) are less satisfied where Baby taxi (0.39) and bus services (0.37) cannot satisfy the users. Separate and powerful institutional authority for transit, public bus with better performance, policy (tax, tariff) for the parking system, online information system/ kiosk and union for the user can be initiated for the improvement of the performance.

This paper aims to identify how targeted asset transfers help to build adaptive capacity and adaptive actions of the urban extreme poor to climate change phenomena. This paper explores the theoretical debates of community-based adaptation approach and failure of such approach to address urban extreme poor. The empirical evidence of these theoretical debates will be drawn from two informal settlements of Dhaka city, where a targeted asset transfer project has been implementing since 2009. This paper explains that urban extreme poor usually work as unskilled labour and lack different livelihood capitals; and climate change is an increasingly important influence exacerbating an already vulnerable livelihood context. There is growing recognition in the literature that poor urban people and communities are adapting to climate change in physical and behavioural terms. But, in the case of urban extreme poor these adaptation approaches are delivering short-term survival strategies disregarding the notion of wellbeing in the medium to long-term perspectives. It is also evident that community level initiatives structurally reproduce the exclusion of the urban extreme poor. However, poverty literatures acknowledge that poverty-centred approaches could help to reduce vulnerability. As urban extreme poor are significantly more resource constrained, it is reasonable to assert that targeted asset transfers could be a poverty-centred adaptation approach in a changing climate. Targeted asset transfers approaches are the outcomes of recent social protection revolution that especially consider accumulation of physical, financial, human, and social capital in order to build adaptive capacity of the urban extreme poor. This adaptive capacity of the extreme poor may facilitate adjustments in assets, livelihoods, behaviours, and technologies in order to reduce future climate vulnerability. In this context, this paper seeks to answer whether targeted asset transfer approaches can be considered as effective poverty-centred adaptation approaches for the urban extreme poor or not.

Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) fishery management in Bangladesh is a rare example of ‘carrot-and-stick’ management in developing world fisheries. Impact evaluation traditionally relies on the projection of counterfactuals and so, due to the limited availability of baseline social and ecological data in the hilsa fishery, there has been no rigorous impact evaluation of the management package. This study uses a theory-based, mixed-methods approach inspired by the principles of process tracing to collect and assess evidence that a) the intended outcomes of management have been realised; and b) management has contributed to these outcomes. It combines statistical analyses of fishers’ knowledge and perceptions with remote sensing data to increase confidence in some components of the hypothesised causal mechanism, and highlight weaknesses in others. Hilsa management appears to have contributed to a socioeconomic improvement, and may have contributed to some increase in hilsa abundance. In particular, radar data provided convincing evidence of compliance with sanctuary fishing bans. However, strong spatial variation in perceptions of trends in and impact of regulations on hilsa indicate that impacts on hilsa abundance could have been undermined by habitat suitability in some areas.

This article analyses the production of urban space and the respective negotiation processes in Dhaka (Bangladesh) and the Pearl River Delta (China). It considers such processes to be significantly influenced by the political system and political culture of the two countries, manifested in a state´s political stability, its development orientation and the possibilities for public participation in decision-making. Three forms of space production — namely strategic urban planning, urban extension at the agglomeration fringes and inner city urban regeneration — are compared between Dhaka and the Pearl River Delta. The respective governance arrangements in the production, organisation and appropriation of space at different spatial scales are identified, with specific regard to the interaction between stakeholders and the governing logic inherent in the emerging constellations. By relating governance research to the different degrees of political stability, we attempt to widen the scope for an analysis of modes of informality, production of space and resource redistribution that incorporates the idiosyncrasies of the political system.